All 7 Geography topics for Edexcel International AS & A Level, grouped the way the exam is. Each topic has a few flashcards to test yourself; the full sets are free in Socrates AI.
Topics are grouped by theme; the exam papers test skills across all of them.
What are tectonic plates?
Large rigid sections of the Earth's lithosphere that move slowly over the asthenosphere.
What happens at a destructive (convergent) plate margin?
Plates move together; denser oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust, causing earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.
What happens at a constructive (divergent) plate margin?
Plates move apart and magma rises to form new crust, e.g. the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
What are constructive and destructive waves?
Constructive waves have a strong swash and deposit material; destructive waves have a strong backwash and erode beaches.
What is fetch?
The distance of open water over which the wind blows, affecting wave size.
What is longshore drift?
The movement of sediment along the coast when waves approach at an angle, with swash moving up and backwash moving straight down.
What is a glacier?
A large mass of ice moving slowly downhill under gravity.
What is the glacial budget?
The balance between accumulation (inputs of snow and ice) and ablation (losses by melting and calving).
What is the difference between warm-based and cold-based glaciers?
Warm-based glaciers have meltwater at the base and move faster by basal sliding; cold-based glaciers are frozen to the bed and move slowly by internal deformation.
What is the greenhouse effect?
Gases in the atmosphere trap heat radiated from the Earth, keeping the planet warm.
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
Human activities increase greenhouse gas concentrations, trapping more heat and warming the planet.
Name three greenhouse gases.
Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour.
What is migration?
The movement of people from one place to another to live, temporarily or permanently.
What is the difference between internal and international migration?
Internal migration is within a country; international migration crosses national borders.
What is the difference between voluntary and forced migration?
Voluntary migrants choose to move; forced migrants have to move, e.g. because of war or disaster.
What is globalisation?
The increasing connection and interdependence of the world's economies, cultures and populations.
Name three factors that have accelerated globalisation.
Container shipping, the internet and communications technology, trade liberalisation and TNCs.
What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?
A company operating in several countries, often with headquarters in a developed country.
Revise all 20 Globalisation, trade and development flashcards free →
What is water security?
Having reliable access to enough safe water for health, livelihoods and production.
What is water stress?
When annual water supply falls below 1,700 m³ per person.
What is water scarcity?
When annual supply falls below 1,000 m³ per person.
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